Global Arts - George Peterson

Dia De Los Muertos

2006-11-01T20:28:00.000-08:00

This my Dia De Los Muertos shrine. It was fun to make, and I decided to make it a little more modern. So, what I did was take the photo of what I'd actually created and multiply the black roses using Photoshop. I also inserted the photos of my friend Chris and my cousin Patrick, both of whom died recently.

This was a fun assignment; I'd never made one of these before or anything like it. It was also emotional, because I've lost far too many young people in the last few years. My cousin Pete, not pictured, died at 13 in 2000. Chris died in a car accident last year, and Patrick committed suicide last year.

It's been hard, but death to me is something that I've learned to accept. After Pete died at 13, no death since has really seemed awful to me. It's been hard to really be upset by death since that, honestly. Chris died - it was sad, but it wasn't Pete. He had lived to 24, he had lost his virginity, he had graduated college... he was still to young, but he wasn't 13. Patrick took his own life, so I wasn't so much sad for him as his parents, but still - it was nothing in comparison.

Anyway, I like the idea of celebrating death rather than mourning it. I think it's a good way to do things, and I think we could learn something from that.

From Mithras to Jesus: Exploring the Roots of Christianity by Anyalzying Art - Part 1

2006-10-28T13:57:00.000-07:00

Note: This presentation may offend some because of its take on the history of Christianity. I want to make it clear that I am in no way attempting to degrade, insult, or make fun of the faith of others. I find these similarities striking and interesting, and I wanted to present them to you here. You may take away whatever you like from it, but I hope you will enjoy reading this as much as I have enjoyed researching and presenting it. -George

The Son of God was born several thousand years ago on December 25. He was described thusly: He "is spiritual light contending with spiritual darkness, and through his labors the kingdom of darkness shall be lit with heaven's own light; the Eternal will receive all things back into his favor, the world will be redeemed to God. The impure are to be purified, and the evil made good" (Plato, Philo, and Paul, p. 15). He was depicted as an infant on the lap of his mother in art, and one of these depictions can be found in the catacombs of Rome. As an adult, he was a traveling teacher and healer, and he had 12 disciples.

His birth was celebrated yearly on December 25, as was his resurrection, which happened 3 days after his death and entombment. His disciples "formed an organized church, with a developed hierarchy. They possessed the ideas of Mediation, Atonement, and a Savior, who is human and yet divine, and not only the idea, but a doctrine of the future life. They had a Eucharist, and a Baptism, and other curious analogies might be pointed out between their system and the church of Christ" (The Christian Platonists, p. 240).

This story sounds familiar to all of you, I'm sure. However, it's not the story of Jesus that I'm telling. It is the story of Mithras. Franz Cumont wrote The Mysteries of Mithra (Full Readable Version Here) in 1903. According to him, Mithraism came originally from Persia (basically modern-day Iran). It's not completely certain when Mithraism was primarily observed, but some scholars place it in the 1st century AD. Others say it could have started before then but was most popular during the first to fourth centuries A.D.

These similarities were no secret to early Christians, because they had to endure the mocking of their pagan neighbors who couldn't understand why they believed in the story of Jesus which was so much like their stories that the Christians discarded. Pagan philosopher Celsus asked this very question: "Are these distinctive happenings unique to the Christians - and if so, how are they unique? Or are ours to be accounted myths and theirs believed? What reasons do the Christians give for the distinctiveness of their beliefs? In truth there is nothing at all unusual about what the Christians believe, except that they believe it to the exclusion of more comprehensive truths about God"

Tertullian, a church father, wrote "The Devil, whose business it is to pervert the truth, mimicks the exact circumstances of the Divine Sacraments, in the Mysteries of idols. He himself baptises some that is to say, his believers and followers; he promises forgiveness of sins from the Sacred Fount, and thereby initiates them into the religion of Mithras: thus he marks on the forehead his own soldiers: there he celebrates the oblation of bread: he brings in the symbol of the Resurrection, and wins the crown with the sword."

Tertullian and the early Christians, then, were so painfully aware that their beliefs were so similar to those of the Dionysus/Bacchus/Mithras followers that they came up with an explanation - Satan himself created these stories before Jesus was born in order to confuse those who might otherwise become Christians.

Many ancient Christian sites are built on top of pagan sites after the Christian religion took over in those places. Italy is no different, with Rome hosting many Christianized sites. St. Clement's Church, one of the oldest churches in Rome, was built on top of a Mithraeum, or Temple of Mithras. This is an image of ruins taken from the Mithraeum:

Another such Christianized site is St. Peter's Basilica, the Vatican Church. There are many tombs under the Basilica. These were discovered during a 1939 excavation. Some of the tombs found were non-Christian, and others were Pagan, but one bit of imagery found on one of the Christian tombs is interesting:

This image depicts Jesus, but he is depicted as a sun god or "Sol Invictus," a later form of Mithras.

Mithras is not the only pagan god who shares similarities with Jesus, however. Mithras as savior, son of god, born on December 25 and resurrected 3 days after his death is acting as another representation of the general god-man known to scholars as Osiris-Dionysus. Here you can find a chart comparing many dying and resurrecting god-men with Jesus.

This particular amulet, which supposedly depicts Dionysus/Bacchus, other Roman forms of the god-man, has been claimed a forgery by some, but evidence is inconclusive either way.

Another interesting similarity between pagan and Christian art is the use of pine cones in Dionysus imagery and Christian imagery, particularly in the Vatican and in Catholic dress.

Here, Dionysus carries a pine cone on a staff.

Here, Bacchus carries the pine cone staff.

This is the largest pine cone in the world at the Court of the Pine Cone, Vatican.

The Pope's pine cone staff.

Continue to Part 2

From Mithras to Jesus: Exploring the Roots of Christianity by Anyalzying Art - Part 2

2006-10-28T12:30:00.000-07:00

The image of the infant god-man is an important one in Christianity, but it was no less so in pagan savior religions.

Madonna and infant Jesus.

This one is perhaps the most strikingly Jesus-like, and depicts the infant Dionysus. This is from the 4th century B.C.

From the Roman catacombs - Mother Isis with infant Horus.

Far more prevalent than any other symbol in Christianity is the cross or crucifix. This is said to represent the cross on which Jesus was crucified before rising from the grave 3 days later. However, in the Acts of the Apostles, Peter says Jesus was "hung on a tree." St. Paul's letter to the Galatians says the same. The god-man Attis was also hung, on a pine tree (remember the pine cone imagery). The cross, according to Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy of The Jesus Mysteries was an important symbol in the ancient world. The four arms represented the four elements.
(The Jesus Mysteries, 50-52).

From The Jesus Mysteries: Dionysus as a child is given a cross as an omen of his fate - to be crucified.

Another symbol often used in Christianity is the Ichthys, or "Jesus Fish." The symbol was used by Christians to mark their secret meeting places or was used as a "secret handshake," or perhaps both. Christian reasons for the history of this symbol are that it represents Jesus' miracle of feeding 5,000 people with fish or that Jesus called his disciples "fishers of men." However, the symbol's history is much older and more complicated than that.

When Jesus helps catch a large number of fish in the Gospel of John, the gospel mentions that it was 153 fish. Pagan priest and mathematician Pythagoras and his followers regarded 153 as a sacred number, and the ratio of height to length of the shape is 153:265, which Archimedes called "the measure of the fish. When two circles of the same circumference are combined such that the edge of one touches the center of the other, we see the fish take form:

Final Analysis: The similarities between these pagan god-men and the symbols and art that were inspired by their stories, and Jesus Christ are interesting. They bring into question, in my mind, the very foundations of Christianity. Was the story of Jesus yet another story of a dying and resurrecting god-man combined with the prophecy of the Jewish savior? Was there ever a real "Jesus The Man?" These questions fall outside of the scope of this project, but the similarities are striking.

I hope you have all enjoyed the presentation. Thank you.

Irish Fairy Tales

2006-10-15T09:36:00.000-07:00

What do the Irish fairytales tell you about the Irish view of space and time?

As I mention in a few of my responses here, the Irish view of space and time, if based on these fairy tales, is much different from other western views, especially American. In several of the tales, for instance, we see time stretched and contracted – sometimes both within the same short tale. In a few, situations and bits of the story are repeated several times, with 3 repeats seeming to be the most typical. This use of 3 is popular in many cultures, actually, and I suppose the Irish are no different. The most interesting use of time is in Usheen’s Return to Ireland, in which he stays in the Tir-Nan-Oge for many years and thinks it has only been one, then becomes old and frail when time catches up with him.

Much time is spent outside, so it seems that the Irish prefer, at least in these tales, to write about open areas and not closed-in ones. I suppose Irish Fairy Tale writers have some sort of cultural story claustrophobia? There is a very dream-like state to the stories, and in at least one, most of the story takes place in a dream.

The King of Ireland's Son

This is my first of this set of fairy tales, and I must admit, it's pretty strange. Fairy tales are always strange in some way, but the beginning and end are connected by a twisting middle full of details that make me wonder if I'm missing something. The King of Ireland's Son pays off the dead man's debt in the beginning. Then he meets the green man and the other men who travel with him. The green man is told that he can have the first kiss of the King's son's wife once he has her. When the young man is finally married, the green man discovers that the wife is "full up of snakes." He removes them, then tells the King's son that he is the man who was in the coffin, and that the other men are servants that God sent him. The son and his wife then "live happily ever after." A very, very strange story.

The thing I found really interesting was the grammar. I don't know if this was translated from Gaelic or is just Irish-English, but phrases like "lay your ear to the ground and try are they coming" and "you'll get that if the thing I have in my head succeeds with me" make it sort of fun to read. I suppose the language is a more Germanic version of English, far closer to modern English than middle-English but still a bit rearranged.

Dreams of Gold

This tale seems like another version of “the grass is always greener on the other side.” The man from Mayo has a dream that he’ll find treasure in Limerick, but the cobbler from Limerick dreams of treasure in the May man’s own garden. The Mayo man ends up finding treasure in his garden… but the man from Limerick doesn’t. Is there a geography lesson here that I’m missing, maybe?

The Birth of Finn MacCumhail

This story, we discover at the end, tells of the beginning of the Fenians of Erin, who followed the orders of Finn MacCumhail after he saved their lives. Finn is offered the hand of the King’s daughter if he can save the King’s dun, which is destroyed every night after it is rebuilt. I had to look it up, but the word dun “comes from the Brythonic Din and Gaelic Dun, meaning fort, and is now used as a general term for small stone built strongholds, enclosures or roundhouses in Scotland, as a sub-group of hill forts.” After killing the witch and her 3 sons who are responsible for burning it down every night, Finn spares the lives of the other failed champions instead of taking the hand of the King’s daughter. This, like the other tales, is very strange. It involves giants and more beheadings than a 1970s slasher flick, but the story is actually very entertaining. It’s probably not the kind of story I’d tell a kid before he went to bed, though.

Usheen’s Return to Ireland

“Usheen was the last of the Fianna and the greatest of them.” Curious again who the Fianna were, I discovered that they were a band of men from several tribes, sometimes 3000 strong, who protected the land from invaders in the first to third centuries. Usheen found himself in the Tir-Nan-Oge. The Tir-Nan-Oge is the land of Irish faeries, where they can feast and battle and always be resurrected. Usheen is there for a very long time, but thinks that it’s only a year. This story, like the others, may have a moral, but it’s lost on me if it does. Usheen gets off of his horse, even though he was told not to, and all of the time that passed in the outside world catches up with him, so he becomes very old.

The Man Who Had No Story

This one was interestingly layered. Brian goes to cut rods for a basket, but he ends up having to go to a house in the distance after a dense fog appears. He is asked to tell a fairy tale, but he says he hasn’t before and doesn’t know how. He goes out to get water and (apparently) dreams about being very successful in many things he doesn’t think he can do. When he awakes, he discovers that he can indeed tell a fairy tale. He goes to bed in the house but wakes outside with his head resting on his bundles of cut rods. This means that his dreams of success were actually part of the original dream about getting lost in the fog and not knowing how to tell a fairy tale.

Rumi

2006-10-04T19:39:00.000-07:00

Blog – write a response to 3 of rumi’s poems

The drum of the realization of the promise is beating,
we are sweeping the road to the sky. Your joy is here today, what remains for tomorrow?
The armies of the day have chased the army of the night,
Heaven and earth are filled with purity and light.
Oh! joy for he who has escaped from this world of perfumes and color!
For beyond these colors and these perfumes, these are other colors in the heart and the soul.
Oh! joy for this soul and this heart who have escaped
the earth of water and clay,
Although this water and this clay contain the hearth of the
philosophical stone.

(Mystic Odes 473)

This poem gives us an idea of Rumi’s opinion of the physical world. The “world of perfumes and color,” of “water and clay.” It’s difficult to understand exactly what Rumi is saying here. In one sense, it seems that he’s promoting living for the day and living your physical life to its fullest. Then, in the same breath, he expresses joy for those who have escaped this world. That seems confusing to me.

These spiritual window-shoppers,
who idly ask, 'How much is that?' Oh, I'm just looking.
They handle a hundred items and put them down,
shadows with no capital.
What is spent is love and two eyes wet with weeping.
But these walk into a shop,
and their whole lives pass suddenly in that moment,
in that shop.
Where did you go? "Nowhere."
What did you have to eat? "Nothing much."
Even if you don't know what you want,
buy _something,_ to be part of the exchanging flow.
Start a huge, foolish project,
like Noah.
It makes absolutely no difference
what people think of you.
Rumi, 'We Are Three', Mathnawi VI, 831-845

I like this poem, especially its last two lines. “It makes absolutely no difference what people think of you.” This is something I had to learn early in life, because I was picked on quite a bit. I learned that those who act that way, those who judge you, are not worth your time. It’s people who accept you for who you are that you want to be friends with.

A Star Without a Name

When a baby is taken from the wet nurse,
it easily forgets her
and starts eating solid food.

Seeds feed awhile on ground,
then lift up into the sun.

So you should taste the filtered light
and work your way toward wisdom
with no personal covering.

That's how you came here, like a star
without a name. Move across the night sky
with those anonymous lights.

(Mathnawi III, 1284-1288)

I like the metaphor Rumi uses here. We as humans must grow past the infantile stage of our current view of the world and move onto spiritual adulthood. We must grasp our true place in the universe and its meaning without the filters we normally see through.

The Middle East

2006-09-29T15:59:00.000-07:00

First, before you proceed with this lesson, please respond to the following questions in your blog. If I were to ask you to conjure images of India or China, what comes to mind? Take a moment to say to yourself “the Middle East”—what are the images, feelings and words that follow?

After reading the folktales on e-reserve, do they remind you of any western tales? What do they reveal to you about Turkey and Afghanistan?

India: Great food, Hinduism, caste systems, turbulent past
China: Communism, bicycles, great wall, cool architecture
Middle East: Islam, music, food, colonialism, prejudice by the west, and unfortunately, Islamic terrorism.

Really, the tales don't specifically remind me of any western tales. There is the element of a moral, sort of, in each of them, but not as clean or direct of a moral as those in western tales.

Kani Yamabushi and Kambara

2006-09-20T17:51:00.000-07:00

Watch Kani Yamabushi and Kamabara and compare and contrast the plays in structure, characters, etc. in a group discussion. Do any of the “one liners’ remind you of past or present jokes?

The big similarities between the two plays are the style of speech, character interaction, and number of characters, and the starkness of the sets. There isn't much decoration or prop usage in any of the plays we've seen so far. Each play has had three characters, which isn't too surprising considering the reverence given to the number three in many cultures.

The interaction of the characters is similar in that one of the three is either the antagonist or the butt of a joke, and the other two team up or at least work together in some way.

The husband in Kambara who kept trying to commit suicide reminded me of Redd Foxx in Sanford and Son because he kept saying it was his last day - "Elizabeth! I'm comin'!"

Japan

2006-09-13T14:12:00.000-07:00

* What are your first impressions when you think of Japan or Japanese culture?

When I was in highschool, I briefly got into Anime (Japanese Animation). When I think of Japan, I often think of the sometimes silly, sometimes graphically violent, and sometimes very... off-color animated films that I saw then. Unfortunately, today's version of Anime is really awful children's television shows that are badly translated or purposely mistranslated to appeal to what the producers think children enjoy.

I also think of technology. Japan sometimes seems to be far, far ahead of us in technological terms, but I think it's actually more cultural. The gadgets they get there are often available here, but many of them are social gadgets (cellular phones, communication devices) that many people need to own before they're really useful.

Also, there's the VERY different sexual culture that Japan seems to have. In fact, coincidentally, a friend showed me this the other day (WARNING - Nudity and sexual content): Japanese fetish clubs. From what I understand, Japan's different outlook on sex is because instead of being based on puritanical christianity as ours is, Japan's culture was based on Shintoism, which had much fewer sexual taboos. This may be completely untrue... I can't even really say where I heard that.

* What makes you laugh?

Lots of things... I listen to and watch and read alot of things I consider funny in very different ways. I really enjoy dry, strangely academic humor like John Hodgman, and I also love political humor (Bill Maher, John Stewart, Stephen Colbert). Plus, nothing beats good old slapstick and silliness (3 Stooges, Marx Brothers, Abbet and Costello). I also really love the MTV sketch comedy show The State that was cancelled years and years ago and its spinoffs, including Reno 911 and Stella. Oh, and of course, what some would just call "British Humor," like The Office, Fawlty Towers, etc.

Hotel Rwanda

2006-09-06T16:03:00.000-07:00

Hotel Rwanda was a difficult film to watch, because it just made me so sad. It is beautifully shot, well-casted, and well-scripted. Having to watch any people act the way that the Rwandans did towards their fellow man is always difficult and upsetting, but the situation between the Hutu and Tutsi of Rwanda seems so much worse, because there weren’t any real differences between them.

What shocks me the most about the relations between the people is that the differences seem to be almost completely social. There is some debate about the genetic differences, if any, between the Hutu and Tutsi. Some believe that The Tutsi moved in and set up a feudal system over the Hutu, and others say that the only difference was lifestyle and the physical characteristics that the Belgians used to separate them.

Either way, the divide seems no more created than the divide between, say, republicans and democrats. However, to the people involved, it’s a much larger divide – a racial one and a socioeconomic one. The Belgians turned it into this, however – before it was merely a lifestyle difference. Whether the differences are real or not, the Tutsi did rule over the Hutu in one manner or another, and the Belgians took advantage of this. The Tutsi/Hutu relationship was relatively peaceful until European colonialism.

The film highlights how awful the genocide was, and it shows a people divided by false lines that led to murder and mayhem. It’s amazing how mere social separation can lead to such violence. The international reaction, the way the film shows it, was cowardly and mainly because the people involved were black. As the general put it in the film, “You’re not even niggers. You’re Africans.” Though I don’t know if that’s really why no help was given, it’s difficult not to think that’s at least partially the case.

The film doesn't change how I feel about Africa, really, but I'd already seen it and had already studied Rwanda a bit. Hotel Rwanda definitely does give one an intimate look at the life in one war-torn African nation.

Dance and Africa

2006-08-30T18:12:00.000-07:00

Blog assignment: Do you have memories of dancing as a child? In your yard? To music in your living room when no one was watching? When you hear music, are you affected by the rhythm you hear? Do you start to tap your foot or bob your head in time to the music?
Do you think of Africa as a country or a continent? What images come to mind when you hear the word Africa ?

I'm not really much of a dancer. I'm not at all self-conscious about what I say and do in most cases; my friends will tell you that. For some reason, though, I've always felt a little awkward in my body, and I've never felt too comfortable dancing. I'm not very good at it anyway, though. The only dancing I even try to do is simple slow-dancing.

I did take Greek dancing at church for a few years when I was younger, and I never enjoyed or was good at that, either.

Music I'm enjoying definitely does affect me physically, however. I do indeed bob my head and play the drums with my hands and sing along, especially when I'm alone.

Well, Africa is a continent, and that's how I think of it. I do feel that I'm more educated about it than many Westerners, though. I've taken several classes that have covered different topics about the continent. I took The Reel World last semester and read much about Africa, especially Rwanda and The Congo.

I recall hearing a woman from Africa on NPR recently who mentioned having a well-educated man ask her if there are any sky-scrapers in Africa. I also had a girlfriend once who was completely shocked to hear that there were white people living on the continent at all.

When I think of Africa, many things come to mind. Of course, Homo Sapiens is thought to have originated there, and I'm very interested in Anthropology, so I consider it the birthplace of all humans. In that sense, we're all of African descent. The rich native cultures, dance, singing, and art are great. There's also the extensive social and political unrest that has plagued the continent since it began to be colonized by Europeans. Since I studied Rwanda and the genocide last semester, that awful period always comes up and it makes me so sad. Finally, there's the AIDS crisis that most of us know about which has no end in sight.

In all, it's unfortunate that the negative side of Africa is what we think of the most, but it is a continent plagued with problems.

The Hidden Dimension

2006-08-26T09:18:00.000-07:00

In The Hidden Dimension Hall uncovers key invisible factors in personal and social communication. How does where and how we grow up, influence how we perceive the world and ourselves in the world? Use your personal experiences to inform how your perceptions have been affected Observe your informal spatial interactions this week. Be aware of your intimate, social and public conversations and journal about what you notice. Record your own reactions and what other people do as well. In terms of fixed and semi-fixed feature space, look at the way your home is arranged and describe it, noting colors you prefer and other personally defining features. Where are you most comfortable—in small, intimate spaces or larger, expansive places. Relate questions and personal experiences that come to mind while reading The Hidden Dimension.

I remember hearing from a professor who had attended several international conferences that there was a hilarious situation that always happened. People from Germany and other Germanic countries have large personal spaces, and people from Arabic countries have very small personal spaces. She said that the Germans always ended up being backed into a corner by the Arabs. I always thought this was funny, but I never really considered how realistic it was.

Hall describes, perfectly, how westerners (Americans, specifically) act on subways and elevators. Be as immobile as possible, tense the muscles, and stare into infinity. It’s so funny to read those things on paper, because it’s all so true. You don’t even think about it, but that’s exactly how I act in those situations, even though I realize I’m doing it.

Unfortunately, right now I’m taking two online classes and I work from home, so social interactions are rare. However, I did go out with some friends Thursday night. These are pretty close guy friends, so we’re very open. We talk about private things involving women, life, and work. Since I was supposed to be paying attention to body language, I noticed clearly that we stand more closely to each other than we would with people we’re not close with.

My home is smaller than I’d like. It’s a townhouse that I share with my girlfriend and 2 dogs. As far as fixed spaces, it has 2 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms, a comfortable living room, and a kitchen. I like the kitchen’s colors now, because we took down the ugly wallpaper that was there when we moved in. The second bedroom is used as an office now. It has a new bookshelf that I desperately needed for my large collection of books, a futon for guests, and a computer desk. One wall is burgundy, and the other three are a khaki color. As far as spaces and the elements of the room, colors, and space, it’s my favorite room. The real problem with the room, however, is there seems to be something wrong with the insulation or ventilation. It gets too hot during the hot parts of the day, and it’s too cold in the winter. That, unfortunately, keeps me from spending as much time in the room as I’d like. I am most comfortable in rooms like that, however – comfortable but not too open and not cramped.

Introduction Video - Images of Childhood

2006-08-23T19:05:00.000-07:00

* What images of childhood come to mind when you look at these photos?

I must say that I don't think I ever painted a flag on my face. However, the photos do remind me of elementary school and face-paintings at carnivals. Also, the children dancing remind me of when I tried to learn greek dancing.

* If you have children or grandchildren, what memories do these pictures awaken?

I don't have any children, but these photos do make me think of my little nieces and nephews playing at family gatherings.

* What makes you laugh?
From the photos? I don't know that I laughed, but all of the photos make me smile. In general, usually dry humor makes me laugh. See: Michael Showalter.